In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Recent research (Horikawa, Tamaki, Miyawaki, & Kamitani, 2013) has uncovered new techniques by which researchers may effectively detect and classify the visual images that occur during dreaming by using fMRI for neural measurement of brain activity patterns, opening the way for additional research in this area. After dinner, he prepared some materials to use in leading a church youth group the following morning, and then he attempted to repair the familys swimming pool pump before retiring to bed. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Aside from their utility as analgesic drugs, opioid-like compounds are often found in cough suppressants, anti-nausea, and anti-diarrhea medications. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. a. . 2. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. Guilleminault et al. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. Common definitions of health include: a. optimal weight and endurance. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Sore throat. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). B) the cause of the problem. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Weakness and fatigue. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Recent adaptations (e.g., Hobson, 2002) continue to update the theory based on accumulating evidence. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. C) the severity and duration of the problem. He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. . QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. During periods of sleepwalking, sleepers often have their eyes open, but they are not responsive to attempts to communicate with them. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Here are some tips to maintain healthy sleep: Aparasomniais one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. A person withrestless leg syndromehas uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep. Drugwithdrawalincludes a variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued. Brain waves during REM sleep appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness. d. both b and c. 2. c++ - What is internal state? - Stack Overflow . As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). c. deaths due to accidents have increased. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Several of the nurses interviewed commented that their work schedules affected their relationships with their family. If you cannot fall asleep, leave your bed and do something else until you feel tired again. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. 23. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity. This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. LINK TO LEARNING: To learn more about some of the most commonly abused prescription and street drugs, check out the, LINK TO LEARNING: Feeling stressed? Stick to a sleep schedule, even on the weekends. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). For one, research suggests that infants should be placed on their backs when put down to sleep, and their cribs should not contain any items which pose suffocation threats, such as blankets, pillows or padded crib bumpers (cushions that cover the bars of a crib). The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. The three types of sleep apnea are central apnea, obstructive apnea (OSA), and a mixture of central and obstructive apnea. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. Normal brain functioning is altered after repeated use of these drugs. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). 1. While medical marijuana laws have been passed on a state-by-state basis, federal laws still classify this as an illicit substance, making conducting research on the potentially beneficial medicinal uses of marijuana problematic. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Lucid dreamsare dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Obviously, regular narcoleptic episodes could interfere with the ability to perform ones job or complete schoolwork, and in some situations, narcolepsy can result in significant harm and injury (e.g., driving a car or operating machinery or other potentially dangerous equipment). Some of these approaches, such as using a bright light as shown inFigure 4.4, have been shown to alleviate some of the problems experienced by individuals suffering from jet lag or from the consequences of rotating shift work. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Research indicates that included among these possible benefits are increased capacities for creative thinking (Cai, Mednick, Harrison, Kanady, & Mednick, 2009; Wagner, Gais, Haider, Verleger, & Born, 2004), language learning (Fenn, Nusbaum, & Margoliash, 2003; Gmez, Bootzin, & Nadel, 2006), and inferential judgments (Ellenbogen, Hu, Payne, Titone, & Walker, 2007). It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Consider a patient who believed that as a result of his sleep apnea he had three car accidents in six weeks. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Rapid eye movement (REM)sleep is characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). There was a significant positive correlation between the degree to which women thought about their former spouses during waking hours and the number of times their former spouses appeared as characters in their dreams (Cartwright, Agargun, Kirkby, & Friedman, 2006). Unexplained hemorrhaging, bleeding or bruising. Depletion of certain neurotransmitters can lead to mood dysphoria, cognitive problems, and other factors. It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. It is possible that even the processing of emotional information is influenced by certain aspects of sleep (Walker, 2009). Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. In some cases, though, there may be no symptoms of inflammation at all. Two theories attempt to answer this question: One theory views hypnosis as dissociation and the other theory views it as the performance of a social role. In fact, abuse of prescription opioid medications is becoming a major concern worldwide (Aquina, Marques-Baptista, Bridgeman, & Merlin, 2009; Casati, Sedefov, & Pfeiffer-Gerschel, 2012). Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. A person with asleep debtdoes not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis. This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). Avoid anything stimulating for an hour before bed. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. In addition to withdrawal, many individuals who are diagnosed with substance use disorders will also develop tolerance to these substances. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? Still, people experiencing opioid withdrawal may be given methadone to make withdrawal from the drug less difficult. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. This will be followed by brief descriptions of the effects of some of the more well-known drugs commonly used today. Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials If you lie down to take a nap and fall asleep very easily, chances are you may have sleep debt. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. In individuals diagnosed with a substance use disorder, there is a compulsive pattern of drug use that is often associated with both physical and psychological dependence. In Hilgards experiments, he induced participants into a state of hypnosis, and placed their arms into ice water. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. This disorder is associated with a number of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinsons disease. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. In the therapeutic setting, a clinician may use relaxation and suggestion in an attempt to alter the thoughts and perceptions of a patient. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Therefore, it is important to make a distinction between hypnosis as an empirically based therapeutic approach versus as a form of entertainment. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com The hypnogram below (Figure 4.12) shows a persons passage through the stages of sleep. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic One or two nights of sleep difficulty is not unusual, but if you experience anything more than that, you should seek a doctors advice. It may surprise you to know that sleep deprivation is associated with obesity, increased blood pressure, increased levels of stress hormones, and reduced immune functioning (Banks & Dinges, 2007). These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). Methamphetamineis a type of amphetamine that can be made from ingredients that are readily available (e.g., medications containing pseudoephedrine, a compound found in many over-the-counter cold and flu remedies). Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. Surprisingly, narcoleptic episodes are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress. Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Nicotine is highly addictive, and the use of tobacco products is associated with increased risks of heart disease, stroke, and a variety of cancers. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Thepineal gland, an endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin, is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep (Hardeland, Pandi-Perumal, & Cardinali, 2006). If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. These episodes can last 1020 seconds or longer and often are associated with brief periods of arousal. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck.
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