Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. Beck Depression Inventory 2nd Edition (BDI-II) is a popular measure intended to assess the existence and severity of symptoms of depression in consistent with in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fourth Edition (DSM-IV). Affective Negative Reinforcement in Addiction, Mechanisms for Intoxicated Emotion and Behavior. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, 183-190. The validity and reliability of the test were . The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. Crossref. Sanz, J., Perdign, A.L., & Vzquez, C. (2003). Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. (1998). The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. In 1996, the BDI was revised to include additional items and to reflect changes in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Can be administered with the BDI-II and the BHS for a more complete evaluation. According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. By latest estimates from the WHO, there are about 300 million people living with depression worldwide. (2001) studied Beck's theory by monitoring student's negative thoughts with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Another setback is the high financial cost that it entails, which translates into low productivity, workplace absenteeism, outpatient care, hospitalizations and pharmacological treatments [2]. An inventory for measuring depression. The authors revised the BDI to be more consistent with the criteria for depression found in the DSM-IV. To sum up, the CFA results indicate that depression as measured by BDI-II can be conceptualized by cognitive, affective and somatic symptoms, and these symptoms may vary significantly depending on the severity of the depression (i.e., the depression general factor). The BDI is used to measure the severity of depression. The 21-item BDI was built by Beck and colleagues in 1961 at the Center for Cognitive Therapy (Beck et al., 1961) for use in cognitive psychotherapy to rate the presence of depression-related cognitive distortion.The original version has received several reformulations to improve clinical and research needs. In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. Use of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Affiliation The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. Yes Cardemil, Kim, Pinedo, & Miller (2005) found high internal consistence (alpha was .90-.92) and change in scores over the course of treatment for both English- and Spanish-speaking Latina women from a predominantly low-income sample. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. Scales for both groups had good internal consistencies. The items on the BDI-II were developed to assess an individual's depressive symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria for depressive disorders. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. 4. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. 1996). Moreover, despite most of the items variances were accounted by the general depression factor, the three specific factors (cognitive, affective, and somatic) explained a non-redundant amount of variance. The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Chron Respir Dis. A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. . Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. Learn More. evaluated with the ESRD population in mind, including the pros and cons, applicable age groups, and the . While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. doi:10.1002/acr.20556, Toenders YJ, Schmaal L, Harrison BJ, Dinga R, Berk M, Davey CG. It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. Author. The authors suggested that the measures not be used interchangeably since they may be assessing different aspects of depression. In this article, we will discuss the characteristics and specifications of the Beck Anxiety Inventory. Psychol Assess. The Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians. The CDI is a tool that mental health professionals use to measure the cognitive, affective, and behavioral signs of depression in children and adolescents between the ages of 7 and 17. Or not? The majority of psychometric studies conducted with adolescents in the United States have involved predominantly Caucasian samples and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. Yes (2004). (2002). Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. No, PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs369/es/, http://www.pearsonpsychcorp.es/archivos/13373230291.pdf. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with college students of diverse ethnicity. The CDI was developed by Kovacs in 1977 using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, 1967), and was formally published in 1992. Telepractice: Tips on using this test in your telepractice. Cardemil, E.V., Kim, S., Pinedo, T.M., & Miller, I.W. The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. They found good internal consistency (alpha=.92), and using confirmatory factor analysis, identified two first-order depression factors and one second-order general depression factor, similar to what has been reported in other samples. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26(4), 446-462. Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). Measures of depression and depressive symptoms: Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSMIV criteria for depression. Introduction. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. The Beck Depression Inventory A study done by Boury et al. A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). Content and Use of the Beck Depression Inventory A. Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. The test-retest and internal consistency data have been replicated in numerous studies, including adults and adolescents, with similar findings. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Interpretation. The BDI can be used, but is not limited to, persons with stroke. View PDF. Krefetz, D.G., Steer, R.A., Gulab, N.A., & Beck, A.T. (2002). Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. Participants were selecting by convenience from general population (N = 797) and hospital population (N = 243). Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. The BDI can also be used to monitor the course of treatment. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Penley, J.A., Wiebe, J.S., & Nwosu, A. [61], affective symptoms may shift from one dimension to another depending on background and composition of samples being studied. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(1), 181-183. lack of information when it comes to applying the test to other medias. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. You will need to add up the score reported for each of the 21 questions ranging from zero to three. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4), 393-402. e0199750. Bifactor models, in contrast, allow to examine a non-hierarchical general factor independently of the specific factors and to simultaneously test the extent to which the common variance between items are explained by the orthogonal general factor and by the specific factors that are tested [32]. This is very helpful for the following reasons: Construction of the Inventory. Sprinkle et al. In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. (2005). Perceptions of the environment, suicidal ideation and problem-solving deficits in an offender population. Furthermore, since research indicates that depression symptoms response differentially to treatment [57] the use of BDI-II global score alone as a measure to detect changes in response to treatment may obscure the impact of interventions. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Grothe, K.B., Dutton, G.R., Jones, G.N., Bodenlos, J., Ancona, M., & Brantley, P.J. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. Measurement invariance is a prerequisite for considering the BDI equivalent across versions, and for using it to make valid . 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