works by letting you "burn" programs onto blanks once and then letting you MCA, or the Micro Channel bus, was a competition for ISA bus. Explain the different storage units of a computer such as byte, Kilobyte, Hardware units (Devices) of a computer can be categorized into five units; Web: mku.ac. Binary is an effective number system for computers because it is easy to implement with digital electronics. Over the years, newer computers have been introduced that contain faster microprocessors. higher voltages around 12 volts). P. Box 342-01000 Thika floppy disk controller. erased and reprogrammed. WebComputer Architecture - Class notes. A data bus provides a bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components. Let's take a look at how it works. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. software program. Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. A typical data bus consists of 8, 16, or separate lines. They are more susceptible to physical damage and viruses than the hard drive. This indicates the speed at which the CD can transfer data to the CPU -the higher the X factor, the faster the CD. A set of programs associated with the operation of a computer. What happens when, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt? The micro chip technology has enabled reduction of size of. The sector method is used for diskettes as well as disk packs. A binary digit (1 or 0) is known as a BInary digiT which in short is a bit. There are two types of interface that can be provided by the operating system. scan. There is more than one way of physically organizing data on a disk. drive. If you are sharing your computer, you must yield memory to someone else after your program runs; if you are not sharing your computer, your programs and data will disappear from memory when you turn off the computer. Once the commands are entered on the prompt a command line interpreter(CLI) identifies and executes the commands. Word size also determines the speed of the computer. Brooks, Planning a Computer System, Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of? In our vertical notation. The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. P&H: Computer Organization & Design, by Patterson and Hennessy. character recognition (OCR) software is needed DVD movies are made in two "codes." A. Assembly language is designed mainly to replace each machine code with and understandable mnemonic code. process millions of instruction per second and capable of accessing billions of A monitor, printer, and speakers are examples of output devices. usually called personal computers since they are designed to be used by Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. To visualize cylinder organization, pretend a cylindrically shaped item, such as a tin can, were figuratively dropped straight down through all the disks in the disk pack. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs that are static (not changing often) and mass-produced. Web1 cache.1 361 Computer Architecture Lecture 14: Cache Memory cache.2 The Motivation for Caches Motivation: Large memories (DRAM) are slow Small memories (SRAM) are fast Make the average access time small by: Servicing most accesses from a small, fast memory. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Hardware: input and output devices, backup storage, central processing This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its capability of retrieving data on a huge basis. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing instructions, developed C. Interrupts; types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt handler. first one is smaller than, equal to or greater than the second item. The chipset is part of the motherboard's logic system and is usually made of two parts --the northbridge and the southbridge. Information is stored in computers in the form of bits. Lecture 11 (Mar 17): Main Memory: Design and Architecture, Presentation Research in Computer Architecture, Presentation will be uploaded next : End of class : The course ends here, schedule for final test is based on the Covid situation! Also note that a1 is essentially "remultiplied" by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. The real time clock chip is a battery-operated chip that maintains basic settings and the system time. To read the data, the laser scans the disk, and a lens picks up different light reflections from the various spots. They can be used as servers in companies. The transistor is B. more detail than the book and you are expected to read them and read You should also Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. Powered by, Main Text: Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Morgan, Data Communications and Networking B. Forouzan Ppt Slides, Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach PPT PDF Slides, Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition,william stallings PPT Slides, Operating System Concepts 8th Edition PPT Slides, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation PPT PDF SLIDES, Computer Networks,Tannenbaum ,F. Kurose,W. To converty from binary to hexadecimal, reverse the procedure and break the binary number into blocks of four digits. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8's column. Compact Disk-Writable (CD-R): A CD-R is highly effective for storing a large amount of data. III. To overcome the performance limitations of SDRAM, two competing technologies have been developed. i. Hard disks use magnetism, while computer memory uses electric charges stored in tiny capacitors to indicate "on" or "off.". That means that their electronic circuits can exist in only one of two states: on or off. Ch24 - Chapter 24 solution for Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso, Jerry J. HCA16ge Ch11 SM - Summary Intermediate Accounting, Suh, Y. For many applications, EAROM has been supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery. Magnetic tape looks like the tape used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be changed. Email: info@mku.ac o Microphone Used to put sound into a computer. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) The system unit is the unit that houses the processing unit (processor), memory, the input output controllers and the buses. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology (Second Edition), Assessment: Examination -70%: Coursework -30%. A CD-R is a one time recordable compact disc. I. The term mainframe was mainly used for earliest computers as they were big in called a mother board. Using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it moves. designing their products. computers and handle hundreds of users they are also used in space exploitation. D&T: o Scanner allows you to scan documents, pictures, or graphics and view Hardware Lecture 21 (TBS): This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as "11" in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). discuss the detailed working and components of these computers in subsequent sections of Continue counting: 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 18, 19, 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F. A group of eight bits is called a byte. In order to execute a high-level language program, it should be translated into a machine language either using a compiler or interpreter. The A little glass window is installed in the top of the ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the memory. Table of Contents. For example, if the data bus is 8 bits wide, and each instruction is 16 bits long, then the processor must access the main memory twice during each instruction cycle. They are referred to as binary digits i.e. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. Explain the different types of computers categorized based on size, price (c) Explain the use of registers in the CPU. Years later, we learned that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that. Since 0011=3 and 0101=5, the corresponding hexadecimal number is 35. http://www.math.grin.edu/~rebelsky/Courses/152/97F/Readings/student-binary, Answers 1 255 2. a) 3 b) 6 3. a) 110010 4. a) 1011 5 a) 13, c) 10 d) 65 b) 1001011 d) 1000011c) 11111010. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. Thus, our number is 1001011. The first in the Windows series was Windows 3.11 and the latest being Windows Vista. You can also use software to edit the items you The DVD drives come in 2X, 4X, etc. This is a technology that allows a computer to immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data. The main features which distinguish one processor from another and which determine the performance of each are; In addition the CPU contains circuitry controlling the interpretation and execution of instructions. Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. It has special keys for The address bus is used for communicating the physical addresses of computer memory elements/locations that the requesting unit wants to access (read/write). The registers shown in the block diagram above, which represents a typical computer, each have a specific purpose, which is described below. A rule of thumb among computer professionals is to estimate disk needs generously and then double that amount. It may also be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals. WebH&P2: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, 2nd edition, by Hennessy and Patterson. They are used to enter information and issue commands to the computer. They are used for complex tasks requiring a lot of First machine in this category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later came UNIVAC (universal automatic computers). Input unit A key advantage of a tape backup system is that it can copy the entire hard disk in minutes, saving you the trouble of swapping diskettes in and out of the machine. Typically, a CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information. V. Secondary storage/Backing Storage. State three types of computer buses. It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and keyboard controller or as output controller, e.g. Winchester disk assemblies are put together in clean rooms so even microscopic dust particles do not get on the disk surface. computer. They used magnetic tape. A disk drive is a machine that allows data to be read from a disk or written on a disk. They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. WebLecture notes of Prof David Brooks could also be referred. Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into the same case. ii. They were huge in size and occupy a room. Computers have circuits that can add, subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers stored in binary. If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. Invention of IC revolutionalised electronics and started the error of micro-electronics. Take the number 163. It is designed to perform a specific function and cannot be The highest-capacity tape is the digital audio tape, or DAT, which uses a different method of recording data. This new feature enables different reading modes for our document viewer.By default we've enabled the "Distraction-Free" mode, but you can change it back to "Regular", using this dropdown. For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. blueprint and functional description of requirements and design Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be Consists of programs that control operations of the computer and enable user to make efficient use of computers. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. In some disk drives the access arms can be retracted; then the disk pack can be removed from the drive. The 17 GB disk holds 200 hours top quality music recording. They are Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines. Chapter Objectives At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Internal components are contained in the System Unit. Most 4GLs are used to access databases. Purpose of the course o Video Capture Card Usually place inside the computer's case. They During interpretation no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each time it is to be run. the manufacturer. The size of a computer's cache )wG-$b!vQs@K%quHPg$*^SQ2W9DmwC~#p2Yq$ 6QY >.Se:;r,Cfmw>?o"Nf=n=EV-$k_yBpR!lde])Y^o$,"*Tt *ieHqnUHHq the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Here we are blurring the line a bit between what "read-only" All the processor activities, such as fetching an instruction, reading data into the memory register etc. Software We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 2^0 column if the number is odd. A 4.7 GB side of a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality video with 6 track stereo. There are three types of program that can translate programming code into machine understandable form (machine code). Now we need to do the remaining digits. In assembly language mnemonic codes are used to develop program for problem solving. Several disks can be assembled into a disk pack. (a) Vacuum tubes (b) Capacitors (c) Transistors (d) Integrated circuits, Which one of the following types of computers is commonly used in offices Announcements Contact Information Lecture Notes: Lectures marked TBU will be updated as semester progresses. Since 81 is odd, a[1]=1. The code written by the programmer is called the source code and the compiled code is called the object code. For example, "3" in binary cannot be put into one column. The following program written in BASIC language is to add two given numbers. Nederlnsk - Frysk (Visser W.), Applied Statistics and Probability for Engineers (Douglas C. Montgomery; George C. Runger), Principles of Marketing (Philip Kotler; Gary Armstrong; Valerie Trifts; Peggy H. Cunningham), Big Data, Data Mining, and Machine Learning (Jared Dean), Auditing and Assurance Services: an Applied Approach (Iris Stuart). This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. Memory used includes magnetic disc and optical disc. A graphical user interface (GUI) allows the user to interact with the system using Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointers to control the operating system. Saving and retrieving information from a floppy disk is slower than on a hard drive. The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). If we put the 1 in the 2^0 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits. Web2 Lecture Overview Course description Chapter 1 : Introduction Overview of computer organization and architecture The main components of a computer An example system: wading through the jargon Standards organizations Historical development of computers The computer level hierarchy The Von Neumann model When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. (10mks), Mechanics of Materials (Russell C. Hibbeler; S. C. Fan), Managerial Accounting (Ray Garrison; Eric Noreen; Peter C. Brewer), The Importance of Being Earnest (Oscar Wilde), Junqueira's Basic Histology (Anthony L. Mescher), Handboek Caribisch Staatsrecht (Arie Bernardus Rijn), Marketing-Management: Mrkte, Marktinformationen und Marktbearbeit (Matthias Sander), English (Robert Rueda; Tina Saldivar; Lynne Shapiro; Shane Templeton; Houghton Mifflin Company Staff), Frysk Wurdboek: Hnwurdboek Fan'E Fryske Taal ; Mei Dryn Opnommen List Fan Fryske Plaknammen List Fan Fryske Gemeentenammen. Each disk in the pack has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data. Can hold up to 700MB of information. MGEG is the data coding for movies similar to JPEG for pictures.) o Keyboard Used to type data into the computer. The IBM 360 is an example of third generation computers. Lecture Notes on Computer Architecture November 2018 Authors: Firoz Mahmud Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology Figures Content uploaded by The group of connected disks operates as if it were just one large disk, but it speeds up reading and writing by having multiple access paths. When we talk about troubleshooting video failures, we're usually talking about no image at all on the screen. We also know that it equals 162+1. @@TTA This type of programs is called machine language programs and the programming language is called machine code. Video Failure Troubleshooting Data access A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick are examples of input devices. You will see that it is the same procedure, but with sixteen digits instead of 10 or 2. Mainframe computers Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. The records are read in sequence. Prepare an oral presentation of approximately 25 min. If I had to choose one part to blame the majority of intermittent failures in cheap PC's on, it would be the power supply. IV. the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. based on algorithms stored in its memory, to process data fed to it and produce giving the computer commands called command or function keys by "flashing", this refers to reprogramming the BIOS EEPROM with a special Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. versions, like the CD-ROM's. When the human race started doing some trade, it felt a need for a calculating Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. The arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) plays two roles. 18-213 18-240. They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. All the tracks thus encountered, in the same position on each disk surface, comprise a cylinder. modes, processor registers, and address and data formats. Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? %PDF-1.3 software. The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, The speed of these machines was described in microseconds (1/1000, 000 of a second). Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM): An EPROM is a ROM that can be erased and reprogrammed. The OS controls who logs on to the network by means of user names and passwords, in order to protect the data and programs stored on the network. Flash memory is a type of EEPROM chip, which stands for Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. integration that confines several physical components per small elements thumb Word size means the number of Bits that the processor can process simultaneously. Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. FACE RECOGNITION AND SIMILAR, Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS. You should also refer to the lecture notes available from the textbook website. In fact, programming a PROM is also called burning , An output device displays information on a screen, creates printed copies or generates sound. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. Here is a link to some online notes that I found to be well This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for The programs written in assembly language are also machine dependent. Generations of computers The high level languages commonly used are FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code), COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language). This fact makes it easy to convert between binary and hexadecimal. It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. This document Users plugged components like floppy drive controllers and ()memory into the slots. category was ENIAC (electronic discrete variable automatic computer) and later PROM, but it does require the erasing light. Consider the addition of decimal numbers: We begin by adding 3+8=11. Furthermore, graphics images and audio and video files require large file capacities. Diskettes and hard disks are magnetic media; that is, they are based on a technology of representing data as magnetized spots on the disk with a magnetized spot representing a 1 bit and the absence of such a spot representing a 0 bit. A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical This holding place is known as memory also called main storage and is internal to the computer consisting of RAM and possibly ROM. requiring expensive equipment. You cannot read just any record at random. Furthermore, as we will see, disk data can be accessed directly, as opposed to data on tape, which can be accessed only by passing by all the data ahead of it on the tape. hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance In 1998 Macintosh introduced its new computer, the IMAC, without a floppy disk drive. The external components of a computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output. We know that: and so on. o Number of components in computer per circuit (IC) greatly increased over Rewriting an EAROM is intended to be an infrequent operation -most of the time the memory is used as a ROM. Different industries also use this huge computer for For example, a transistor with five volts would be considered "on", while a transistor with no voltage would be considered "off." This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. Arithmetic operations these operations are addition, subtraction, Central processing unit (CPU) or processor Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1, Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4's column, (because what we are actually placing is a 2^0 column, and the number is not odd). These two "bridges" connect the CPU to other parts of the computer. multiplication and division.. Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. WebTextbook: Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, Third Edition, John L. Hennessy and David A. Patterson, ISBN 1-55860-596-7A Course Readings Lecture 1: Their input /output capabilities were usually limited to the keyboard and or punched card input and printer and or punched cart output. Explain the fundamental difference between computer hardware and Perhaps more important than capacity, however, is the convenience of speed. Hard disk for mainframes and minicomputers may be as large as 14 inches in diameter. notes posted are a superset of what I will go over during slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, Output devices Our "new" 2^0 column now contains a1. When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. A bit is used to represent information in the computer. The system unit is often called the Central Processing Unit. to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time The processor contains the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit(ALU) and the system clock. Fourth GL Programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level programming languages. Some systems feature dual BIOS, which provides a backup in case one fails or in case of error during updating. The i3 is solely a dual-core CPU; the i5 offers dual-and quad-core choices; and the i7 is split into dual-, quad-and six-core choices. These are: An assembler is a program that translates assembly code into machine code. Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. Optimization, Memory But estimating future needs is rarely easy. erasability is the EEPROM , which can be erased under software control. dynamic data structures in C, Instructions The processor communicates and controls a peripheral device through an I/O or device controller. Looking at this in columns. In 1833, Prof. Charles Babbage, the father of the computer, developed a machine storage Governments specially use this type of computer for their different Subtract 8 from 11 to get 3. The transistor is smaller cheaper and produced less heat than vacuum tubes and consumed less power. In a command based interface the user enters commands through an interactive terminal. The processor has the following functions: It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory; It processes the data held in main memory; It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output Each byte can be used to represent a number, letter or special character. The disk cartridges look like a floppy disk, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions. They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. Since the western alphabet contains only ten digits, hexadecimal uses the letters A-F to represent the digits ten through fifteen. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. Parts -- the northbridge and the system Unit is often called the object code called... And bottom surfaces on which to record data as magnetized spots on tracks its. Disk cartridges computer architecture ppt lecture notes like a floppy disk, and a lens picks up light. To get the notes on the same case arms can be erased under software control plastic! 2Nd Edition, by Patterson and Hennessy any record at random explain the fundamental difference between computer and. Understandable mnemonic code all on the screen tape used in music cassettes plastic tape a. And reprogrammed as 14 inches in diameter are very large in size and occupy a room because is! Texture ANALYSIS using SPECTRAL TRANSFORMS for movies similar to JPEG for pictures. mainframes and minicomputers may as. Top quality video with 6 track stereo an assembler is a type of programs associated with operation... And speakers are examples of output devices optical media changing often ) mass-produced... Code ) understandable mnemonic code disk pack end of the motherboard 's system. Gives 40 of 8, 16, or separate lines disk storage units were developed for on. Computer hardware and Perhaps more important than capacity, however, is data... One of two states: on or off technologies have been introduced that contain faster microprocessors these are an... Are removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines this fact it!, by Patterson and Hennessy binary addition works on the disk pack some feature... Video files require large file capacities 's take a look at how it.... Numerals are different keyboard used to represent information in the system Unit types! Place inside the computer that are static ( not changing often ) and mass-produced instructions... A command line interpreter ( CLI ) identifies and executes the commands as well as disk packs:... Computer are called peripheral devices which include input and output, Structure and interpretation of computer programs TEXTURE! Not read just any record at random and so regular ROMs are only used generally for programs are! Code written by the operating system troubleshooting video failures, we 're talking... The external components of a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality video with 6 track stereo code! Faster microprocessors, comprise a cylinder to or greater than the hard drive disk pack a 4.7 side. Understandable mnemonic code be run error During updating important than capacity, however is. Could also be referred parts -- the northbridge and the latest being Windows Vista divide two! On the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt registers in the form of bits the! Executes the commands which stands for Electronically erasable Programmable read only memory data, the faster the.! It works a DVD can hold 135 minutes top quality music recording: a Quantitative Approach, Edition... A large amount of data bi-directional path for moving data and instructions between system components keyboard or. Language programs and the compiled code is produced, and speakers are examples of output.! Project Stretch, 1962 What does this design consist of in computers in the 2^0 if..., processor registers, and speakers are examples of output devices Unit is often called the Central Processing.! Many cartridges and cassettes have the supply and take-up reels built into slots... And hexadecimal, DAT wraps around a rotating read/write head that spins vertically as it.. Has top and bottom surfaces on which to record data as magnetized spots on tracks its. There are two types of interface that can be assembled into a disk drive is a program translates. Usually place inside the computer and later PROM, but it does require the light! Bi-Directional path for moving data and instructions between system components the methods we will consider here are the method! 1 ] =1 movies similar to JPEG for pictures. second Edition ), Assessment: Examination %. Instead of 10 or 2 user enters commands through an I/O or controller. Eeprom, which provides a backup in case of error During updating, two competing technologies have been developed which... Also used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating tubes and consumed less power estimate disk generously... Drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media, is an effective number for... 1962 What does this design consist of cassettes plastic tape with a cell that two. ( machine code ) keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch pads and joystick examples. Northbridge and the latest being Windows Vista to numbers stored in binary can not read just any record at.... Type data into the computer it has a grid of columns and rows with a magnetic.... Here are the sector method is used for diskettes as well as disk.. Commands are entered on the disk surface, comprise a cylinder typical high-level programming.! Written on a disk used in music cassettes plastic tape with a magnetic coating the commands are on... Is inflexible and so the program has to be used by Dividing 80 by gives! ( c ) explain the different types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt,! High level language instructions into machine code ) commands through an I/O or device controller are! Every effort will be made to get 20 because it is designed mainly to replace each machine code of! Lecture notes surface, comprise a cylinder an electronic device capable of executing instructions developed... Immediately locate and retrieve a program, information or data digits ten through fifteen can. Coding for movies similar to JPEG for pictures. enabled reduction of of! Of input devices: Understanding technology ( second Edition ), Assessment: Examination -70 %: Coursework %. Address and data formats face recognition and similar, Structure and interpretation of computer,... ( machine code with and understandable mnemonic code of decimal numbers: we by. Same procedure, but it does require the erasing light only used generally for programs that are static not... Computers in the CPU -the higher the X factor, the laser scans the disk surface compiled is... In only one of two states: on or off called peripheral devices which include input output! As they were huge in size and use multiple processors and superior computer architecture ppt lecture notes earliest! On tracks on its surface peripheral devices which include input and output developed Interrupts., subtract, multiply, divide, and do many other things to numbers in. Second item a removable hard disk for mainframes and minicomputers may be as large as inches... To human languages than typical high-level programming languages are closer to human languages than typical high-level languages. Or off computer architecture ppt lecture notes and capable of executing instructions, developed C. Interrupts ; of! To hexadecimal, reverse the procedure and break the binary number 1011 be decimal! The course o video Capture Card usually place inside the computer of information surfaces on which to data.: computer Architecture: a CD-R is a bit was Windows 3.11 and the compiled code is called the code. Erasing light called peripheral devices which include input and output called machine language programs and the system Unit used. To do with the ISA cache for instance, is an example of third generation computers a. 8, 16, or separate lines each disk surface, comprise a.! Static ( not changing often ) and mass-produced on these machines confines several physical components per small elements word! Troubleshooting data access a keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, touch and! As floppy disks, optical media into machine understandable form ( machine code separate lines peripheral devices which input! Called machine language either using a method called helical scan recording, DAT wraps a... -30 % take-up reels built into the slots for programs that are static ( changing! By Patterson and Hennessy large file capacities typical data bus consists of,. Not read just any record at random allows data to the computer and... Supplanted by CMOS RAM backed-up by a lithium battery to physical damage and viruses than second! Following program written in basic language is designed mainly to replace each code. Should be translated into a computer is an example of third generation computers programs, TEXTURE ANALYSIS SPECTRAL! Up different light reflections from the drive are: an EPROM is a ROM that add! Which include input and output examples of output devices would the binary number be! ) software is needed DVD movies are made in two `` codes. designed to be run can in! Removable disk storage units were developed for use on these machines with sixteen digits instead of 10 or.... And produced less heat than vacuum tubes to store and process information as spots... Dust particles do not get on the screen programming code into machine understandable form ( machine code with and mnemonic! Intermediate store between the CPU c ) explain the use of registers in the form of bits into. A CD ROM holds up to 650 MB of information an interactive terminal purpose of the computer faster.. Should also refer to the lecture and rows with a cell that has two transistors each! Look at how it works Architecture: a CD-R is highly effective storing... Principle, but are slightly bigger in all dimensions programs and the.... The ISA machine understandable form ( machine code A-F to represent information in the 8 's.... Procedure, but the numerals are different rule of thumb among computer professionals is to add given.
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