Before the negotiations were successful, revolution broke out in the German navy on November 3, 1918, and spread to the military and urban workers. airplane, Squad resting in the trenches, France 1917-1918, Three German soldiers doing paperwork in Lithuania. [30][31], The Imperial Army was abolished on 6 March 1919, and the provisional Reichswehr was created. The regiment was the basic combat unit as well as the recruiting base for soldiers. These conditions never occurred; in 1914 the Grand Fleet restricted itself to a distant blockade of the German seaway, and the High Seas Fleet's attempts to lure the enemy's main force into battle failed. (Biblio Verlag, Osnabrck, 1993), Bd. How many soldiers died in the trenches in WW1? How many soldiers did Germany have in ww1? The German Army size at it's la. ): The Cambridge History of the First World. Meanwhile, General Paul von Hindenburg was reactivated at age 67 and sent with Major General Erich Ludendorff to halt the Russian advance into East Prussia. [10] Conventions (some later amended) were entered into between the North German Confederation and its member states, subordinating their armies to the Prussian army in time of war, and giving the Prussian Army control over training, doctrine and equipment. World War I or the First World War, (28 July 1914 - 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Gnter Wegner, Stellenbesetzung der deutschen Heere 18151939. Reichsarchiv (ed. With the High Seas Fleet stymied in the North Sea, the admiralty initiated a change of strategy in February 1915. They were limited to 100,000 soldiers. ): Sanittsbericht ber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918. First, it created a large pool of trained manpower that could quickly augment the standing army in an emergency. The following is a breakdown of the number of troops that fought, died, and were wounded in World War I, as recorded in Michael Clodfelter's Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and other Figures. Moreover, the German side of the Western Front along the Flanders' coast line was defended by the Marinekorps for the duration of the war. The development of tactics followed the imperatives of trench warfare. Given Germanys geostrategic position, the design and management of the national railroad network was highly efficient. Unlike the army, the navy understood the High Seas Fleet as an instrument of strategic deterrence, effective through its existence rather than through its employment. Ehlert, Hans/Epkenhans, Michael/Gro, Gerhard P. Stevenson, David: With Our Backs to the Wall. A corps usually included a light infantry (Jger) battalion, a heavy artillery (Fuartillerie) battalion, an engineer battalion, a telegraph battalion and a trains battalion. The Ludendorff offensive of April 1918 made great breakthroughs in the west. A convincing introduction is offered by Gerhard P. Gro in: Gro, Gerhard P: Mythos und Wirklichkeit. The states that made up the German Empire contributed their armies; within the German Confederation, formed after the Napoleonic Wars, each state was responsible for maintaining certain units to be put at the disposal of the Confederation in case of conflict. [5] Therefore, the basic question was not so much what the character of a future war would be, but if the German army could predetermine the wars character through its own actions. The navy focused on establishing a blue-water navy with modern all-big-gun-battleships. When the chancellor offered a cease-fire on 29 October 1918, the admiralty planned to assemble the fleet and direct it against the enemy for a last battle. How Did World War 1 Affect America Dbq. Almost 15 million served in the Russian Army during the First World War. In 1914, an infantry division had seventy-two pieces of field artillery and twenty-four heavy machine guns; in 1918, the same division had thirty-six pieces of field artillery, twelve heavy guns, eighteen light and six medium mortars, as well as 108 heavy and 180 light machine guns. [13] In diplomatic terms, Germany used the Prussian system of military attaches attached to diplomatic locations, with highly talented young officers assigned to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, and military capabilities of their assigned nations. About 30 divisions and 2 Armies. Heeres-Sanittsinspektion: Sanittsbericht. It sought to identify military talent at the lower levels and develop it thoroughly through academic training and practical experience on division, corps and higher staffs, up to the Great General Staff, the senior planning body of the army. Nor were the Triple Entente and its allies very interested in a negotiated peace, but their situation was not as desperate as Germanys. U.S. casualties as amended by the Statistical Services Center, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Nov. 7, 1957. On the diplomatic front the elites ruling Germany planned for vast annexations of Russian, Belgian, and French territory as well as for an African empire. Combat was by no means the soldiers' main occupation. In fact, every belligerent government found it safer to demand ever-greater efforts from its people than to admit that their earlier sacrifices had been in vain. War was increasingly mechanized from 1914 and produced casualties even when nothing important was happening. The best available estimates of World War I military casualties are assembled in Table 4. On August 8 the German army suffered a severe defeat in northern France, and not long thereafter William II installed a new, more liberal government in Berlin, headed by Maximilian, Prinz von Baden. Germany entered the First World War as one of the eras mightiest military powers. With declining manpower, the defence system finally was reduced to a loosely connected grid of trenches, crater positions up to nine meters underground, and concrete blockhouses up to some 500 to 1,000 metres behind the thinly-held front line. 3, Berlin 1934, pp. The Imperial cockade was to be worn above the state cockade on hats and caps, while they were worn on the right (state on the left) of helmets and more specialised headgear. In the end, in August 1914 Germany did not wage one war but two one on land and one at sea. This experience brought an end to the first phase of the war and initiated what German military planners had feared most stalemate from October 1914 onwards. Their commanders quickly became heroic archetypes of modern machine war. The last four months of the war brought a dramatic decline in the German army's fighting power and in soldiers' physical and moral resilience. The Prussian standing army had become simply a training cadre for the intake of conscripts. Hobson, Rolf: Imperialism at Sea. The Social Democrats declared a republic and took power at this appalling moment of defeat, while the former military and civilian leaders sought to escape responsibility for the calamity. The Prussian army's organization for peace and war was virtually the same. There was, for example, no joint planning for stopping the British Expeditionary Forces (BEF) shipments to the continent. In the Baltic Sea, the German fleet managed to hold its Russian adversary at bay for the duration of the conflict. The troops spent the winter of 1917/18 in a recuperation and training program. On 6 April the USA entered the war against Germany, and when submarine warfare, despite high numbers of gross registered tons destroyed every month, did not turn out the desired political result, the admiralty was out of options. . Its program included a commitment to fight for an unequivocal German victory, including annexations, and maintenance of the Prusso-German political system. Nearly half of the troop strength for the Central Power came from Germany. What about India, South Africa, or Australia? In fact, the majority of sailors saw even less fighting than soldiers. The following represents all participants in the war. The Allies superior resources were not alone enough to win the war, but the combination of the stalling of the German offensive in mid-July and the Allies' counter-offensive at the same time helped turn the tide. While 12,000,000 Russians suited up to fight in the war, the country would exit the war in 1917 to enter into a Civil War. Slowly the German forces began retreating. [4] However, the fact that Germany had not been involved in a major war since 1871 meant it was at a disadvantage. For some this was represented as a heroic . Conversely, France's military had 260 airplanes and 171 pilots, Germany 46 airplanes and 52 pilots, and the U.K. 29 airplanes and 88 pilots. Battles were fought in the trenches using machine guns, poisonous gas and tanks Battles were fought at sea and coastal towns were shelled by German warships Planes were used for battle and for positioning and reporting on the enemy Battles were fought by air with many air raids by German Zeppelins The Kaiserliche Marine naval forces of the German Empire had their own, separate Marine-Fliegerabteilung maritime aviation forces, apart from the Luftstreitkrfte of the Army. How big was Germany before and after ww1? The trenches were both a combat zone and a habitat. Although the new army of the united German Empire was nominally "German" and most state forces served integrated into the Prussian Army, the Bavarian Army, Saxon Army and Wrttemberg Army remained independent national contingents: The Royal Saxon Armywas the national army of the Kingdom of Saxony one of the four states of the German Reich to retain its own armed forces. Answer: I guess it depends on what type of division. ", Murphy, Patrick. About 100,000 of these men went missing in action. That system was continued into the Imperial Army after 1871 and resulted in a modest cadre of professional officers and sergeants, and a large reserve force that could be quickly mobilised at the start of a war. Did Germany have a draft in WWII? Casualties totalled an estimated 1.8 million killed, 2.8 million wounded and 2.4 million taken prisoner. The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg und Ludendorff, 1916-1918, London 1976. [32], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}504156N 70229E / 50.6990N 7.0415E / 50.6990; 7.0415, Military role in foreign policy decisions, Chiefs of the German General Staff (18711919), harvp error: no target: CITEREFLucasSchmieschek2015 (. The commander of the Imperial German Army, less the Bavarian contingent, was the Kaiser. [16] The number of mental injuries and their long-term consequences can only be speculated. Military life on the cruisers, in contrast, had all the features of traditional seafaring nostalgia: demanding high sea navigation, exotic countries, perilous merchant raiding, and internment or lethal combat against superior forces. The corps was also responsible for maintaining the reserves and Landwehr in the corps area. Apart from combat the army was primarily concerned with retaining control over its own matters and increasing its control in spheres related to the war. (eds. When inducted, a soldier entered a regiment, usually through its replacement or training battalion, and received his basic training. Its basic idea was that, in a two-front situation against France and Russia, it would be paramount to first beat the French army in a rapid manoeuver and then turn the army towards the Russians.[6]. Critics long believed that the Army's officer corps was heavily dominated by Junker aristocrats, so that commoners were shunted into low-prestige branches, such as the heavy artillery or supply. 120 under the Prussian system). Heeres-Sanittsinspektion des Reichswehrministeriums (ed. What do the Germans think of the American soldiers ww1? The exact terms of service varied from country to country but Germany's system provides a good example. Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and other FiguresbyMichael Clodfelter, Do you know where I can find casualties by year (1914-1918)? ): Der Krieg zur See 1914-1918, 23 volumes, Berlin; Frankfurt a. M. 1920-1941; 1964-1966: Mittler. [14] Again, the frustration over this situation initiated a resumption of submarine warfare this time without adherence to the legal restrictions, prize rules, or a self-imposed war zone as in 1915. Lupfer, Timothy T.: The Dynamics of Doctrine. [20] Barnett (1970) explains that every young man was drafted at age 18, with the upper-class becoming officers: the Prussian system was based on service of only three years with the colors and four years in the reserve. The methodical bite-and-hold-doctrine of the Allied armies enabled the German soldiers to adjust to this increasingly hopeless situation: they fought less stubbornly, started to avoid contact with the enemy, focused their tactical abilities on the retreat, and even chose to surrender individually or in groups. [2] In addition, important military responsibilities were held by the chief of the admiralty (naval operations), the Prussian minister of war (mobilization of human and material resources), and the heads of army and navy officer personnel (Heereskabinett and Marinekabinett). However, by the 1890s, the top ranks were opened to highly talented commoners. The only confrontation between the two big fleets took place on 31 May/1 June 1916 in the Battle of Jutland (Schlacht im Skagerrak). On the Eastern Front about 500,000 to be called up and deployed. Localization of the Army and its recruitment gave the districts pride and interest in their 'own' corps. Chemical agents were added to the German arsenal in early 1915 and played a substantial role in trench warfare for the rest of the war. The Japanese, however, were also observing the reserve system and, unlike the British, decided to copy the Prussian model. Only 40, 000 Civilian Dead in France ? The Chief of the General Staff became the Kaiser's main military advisor and the most powerful military figure in the Empire. Reichsarchiv (ed. They were reorganized, receiving engineer companies and other support units from their corps, and giving up most of their cavalry to form cavalry divisions. Juni 1872" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFMller2016 (, H. E. Fisk, The Inter-Allied Debts (1924) pp 13 & 325 reprinted in Horst Menderhausen, The Economics of War (1943 edition), appendix table II, James Stone, "Spies and diplomats in Bismarcks Germany: collaboration between military intelligence and the Foreign Office, 18711881.". The navy had long been the younger and smaller branch of the armed forces in Germany. Cavalry, field and horse artillery regiments were also similarly organized. They adopted submarine warfare in 1917, despite the knowledge that it would bring the United States into the war, because it offered a slim hope of quick victory if Triple Entente ships carrying men and supplies could be prevented from reaching France. Hi Im looking for information on a Pat Sugrue , BoulBrack Co Kerry who was an engineer in the trenches in Africa (white Mans Grave) The Triple Entente commanded the seas, had more than twice the population of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and had access to the worlds natural resources through their empires and close contact with the United States. One will probably have to count on a very increased sense of power on the part of the workers and labour unions, which will find expression in increased demands on the employer for legislation. After World War One, Germany was severely punished by the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Also to know, how many ww1 soldiers are left? The statistical report is incomplete; it does not list the uncollected last four months of the war. 8,410,000 . While the aforementioned contingents wore dinstinctive uniforms, with the differences becoming less over time, the origin of units would be denoted on the uniform in the colours of the rank insignia until the early 20th century. Austria-Hungary and Germany together provided more than 80% of the troops. William II felt compelled to promise an eventual end to the restrictive Prussian franchise in his Easter message of 1917. They also had a unified command structurein contrast to the Triple Entente powers, whose rivalries resulted in three different wars being fought simultaneously with little coordination. Germany's military had a well-trained reserve force, which gave the army a tactical advantage, especially in the early phase of the war. Their commanders reacted with military drill and hard labour. Over the course of the war, the military obtained and usurped vital non-military functions for domestic security, the war economy, and propaganda. In the East, in contrast, the Russian army was pushed back, starting with the Battle of Tarnv-Gorlice in May, in one of the few operations in which tactical innovation was first tested against Russian forces. Apart from aircraft, the Army's regulation of the rest of the war economy was largely inefficient.[22]. All part of the British Empire (good source for troop numbers: https://www.awm.gov.au/sites/default/files/source-2-statistics-on-british-empire.pdf), where are india, australia, and south africa. Vol. A civilian, Matthias Erzberger of the Centre Party, signed the armistice, which took effect November 11, 1918. The news was conveyed around Europe within the hour. This elastic defence replaced the static line of defence in 1917. When the infantry managed to cross the lethal zone of no man's land, they employed traditional weapons to fight and kill the enemy: rifles, pistols, hand grenades, bayonets, knives, knuckledusters and a wide range of self-made maces. The people of America were affected by world war one in many ways. Frustration was furthered by the daily experience of the enemy's increasing superiority. The German Army reported separately to the Emperor, and increasingly played a major role in shaping foreign policy when military alliances or warfare was at issue. There were approximately 9,750,103 military deaths during the conflict. Epkenhans, Michael/Hillmann, Jrg/Ngler, Frank (eds. It was also probable that such a war like the Manchurian campaign would lead to temporary phases of stalemate and positional warfare. Cf. As World War I progressed, additional divisions were formed, and by wars' end, 251 divisions had been formed or reformed in the German Army's structure. In wartime, the army corps became a mobile tactical formation and four Hhere Kavallerie-Kommando (Higher Cavalry Commands) were formed from the Cavalry Inspectorate, the equivalent of corps, being made up of two divisions of cavalry. During World War I, a higher command level, the army group (Heeresgruppe), was created. There the Germans unexpectedly defeated two large Russian armies at the Battle of Tannenberg (August 1914). Capable generals, such as Deroy, Wrede and Triva, reformed the army along French lines, and it soon became the most modern in Germany, and the first in Germany to abolish flogging. On the U-boat, a highly specialized crew fought and lived under extremely constricted conditions. France remained the primary military opponent for the officer corps. It was established in 1871 with the political unification of Germany under the leadership of Prussia, and was dissolved in 1919, after the defeat of the German Empire in World War I (19141918). The submarines were supposed to break the blockade and attack Britain's oversea commerce within a defined zone of war. A standard Imperial German division was organized into: One of the divisions in a corps area usually also managed the corps Landwehr region (Landwehrbezirk). The navys smaller forces of cruisers and submarines were regarded as weapons of secondary importance. By a date which must not be later than March 31st 1920, the German Army must not comprise more than seven divisions of infantry and three divisions of cavalry. Though the campaign brought some success in military terms, it had to be abandoned in September after the neutral United States protested over the deaths of U.S. citizen in attacks on British ships. Among its 374 U-boats, the German navy lost 178 during the war.[15]. The more the German army moved into the Russian Empire, the more the disadvantages of the two-front-situation became apparent. Overwhelmingly, the parties, including the Social Democrats, voted for war credits. In one instance, Freiherr von Sonden (from Wrttemberg) was able to "quite legitimately send a request directly to the Ministry of War in Stuttgart for the raising of a new artillery regiment". This text [12] Each kingdom had its own War Ministry, Bavaria and Saxony published their own rank and seniority lists for their officers and the Wrttemberg list was a separate chapter of the Prussian army rank lists. This article is only a quick analysis of man power in the first World War. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. Eastern Front; Total War; Treaty of Versailles; War Plans; Western Front, 17 cm quick firing (naval) cannon L/40 in firing position, Pilot with a crashed Hannover CL. Up until 1914, all German considerations regarding naval procurement, operational planning for naval warfare, transcontinental communications, and colonial ambitions had been influenced by the naval competition with Great Britain. In the Federal Republic of Germany, the term Deutsches Heer identifies the German Army, the land component of the Bundeswehr. two infantry brigades organized into a brigade HQ and two regiments each (either of the line or light infantry), a cavalry brigade organized into a brigade HQ and two regiments, an artillery brigade organized into an HQ and two regiments, Combat service and support regiments under division HQ, Long-Term Volunteer Enlistee "Capitulant" (, Foley, Robert T. "Institutionalized innovation: The German army and the changing nature of war 18711914. On the outbreak of war the command organizations of the district became that of a corps in the field. Schrder, Joachim: Die U-Boote des Kaisers. There were no agencies established to keep records of these fatalities, but it is clear that the displacement of peoples through the movement of the war in Europe and in Asia Minor, accompanied as it was in 1918 by the most destructive outbreak of influenza in history, led to the deaths of large numbers. The nominal supreme commander in times of war was the German emperor, who had de facto delegated this task to the chief of the Prussian general staff (in wartime redesignated the Oberste Heeresleitung; OHL, Supreme Army Command). They used close observation, conversations, and paid agents to produce very high-quality reports that gave a significant advantage to the military planners. Geschichte des operativen Denkens im deutschen Heer von Moltke bis Heusinger, Paderborn 2012, pp. Die Geschichte des deutschen U-Boot-Krieges gegen Grobritannien im Ersten Weltkrieg, Lauf an der Pegnitz 2001, pp. Stachelbeck, Christian: Deutschlands Heer und Marine im Ersten Weltkrieg, Munich 2013, p. 120. Pingback:This book is not about heroes: Poetry and World War I | jhublogs. Das Militr und der Primat der Politik, Paderborn 2007, pp. The British could not use the system because they rejected conscription. Quotation page 294. Nevertheless, in times of war, all of these would pledge allegiance to the Kaiser and the German nation. The longer such a war dragged on, the more Germanys enemies would be able to muster their numerically superior military and stronger economies. The latter conflict dictated victory at all costs on the military front. . The army's statistical survey on soldiers wounded in action reveals diverse causes for injuries in the war: Table 1: Distribution of wounds according to source (in percent), 1914-1918.[11]. The General Staff system, which sought to institutionalize military excellence, was the main result. The most important fighting force in the First World War was the artillery. The Central Powers did have interior lines of transit, which was valuable in a two-front war. Although its name actually means something very close to "The German Air Force", it remained an integral part of the German Army for the duration of the war. Formally, this might be correct. However, during the Battle of the Marne, the German armys failure to encircle and destroy the French and British forces until 13 September resulted in a series of improvised follow-up battles that proved it was impossible to penetrate a front defended by mass armies equipped with machine guns and quick-firing artillery. Trench warfare created a new reality of fighting. ", This page was last edited on 25 February 2023, at 14:44. 3, Berlin 1934, p. 72. In November 1914 Alfred Hugenberg, a major industrialist and subsequent ally of Adolf Hitler, told German entrepreneurs. For the list of ships see: Salewski, Michael: Seekrieg, in: Hirschfeld, Gerhard/Krumeich, Gerd/Renz, Irina in cooperation with Phlmann, Markus (eds. [12] Administration was also a major military task in the occupied territories in Belgium, France,Luxembourg, Russia and Romania, where the army had to secure, organize, and exploit huge territories in the interest of the German war effort. The losses caused by this procedure, however, initiated a change. This action is similar to how Canada acted in World War . Additionally, the following voluntary enlistees were distinguished: Note: Einjhrig-Freiwilliger and Kapitulant were not ranks as such during this specific period of use, but voluntary military enlistee designations. 121-134. Germany's ally, Serbia, had no reason to go to war and suffered as a result. The number of civilians killed have been counted as well. Nonetheless, given the strategic resources and the Allies political determination, a German success in the West would not have brought victory, but only the prolongation of war into 1919 at most. Realizing the suicidal character of this mission, the sailors refused the order. The term "German Army" was used in various legal documents, such as the Military Penal Code, but otherwise, the Prussian, Bavarian, Saxon and Wrttemberg armies maintained distinct identities. Besides the regional corps, there was also a Guard Corps (Gardecorps), which controlled the elite Prussian Guard units. 12, 72. [9] Men, weapons and equipment disappeared underground, creating the proverbial emptiness of the battlefield. Germanys military leaders fully expected that a major war in Western- and Central Europe would be a serious challenge for the armed forces and for Germany's economic and social forces. The persistent glorification of this dimension of the war at sea stands in stark contrast to the military significance that the naval command attributed to it. In 1914, Germany's understanding of war was strongly influenced by four decades of peace and by its geostrategic situation. Similar uncertainties exist about the number of civilian deaths attributable to the war. For a concise discussion on the blockade and for a discussion on the estimated numbers of victims cf. The machine gun 08 had already been introduced in the infantry and the cavalry but despite its employment in manoeuvres and on colonial expeditions remained a novel weapon. In August 1914, the German army needed just 12 days to expand from 808,280 to 3,502,700 soldiers. When Russia exited the war in 1917, the Central Powers fought on more even ground and in some arenas had the numerical advantage, but troops trickling in from America would change this scenario in the end. Despite all political rhetoric of a "nation in arms", conscription had not been fully implemented before 1914 for a mix of political, budgetary, and military reasons. 211-222, here p. 217. At Langemarck in October 1914, during the First Battle of Ypres, some 1,500 young Germans were killed in a frontal assault on a strong Allied position. There were eight army commands and a further ten were created during the war. When the war began in Europe, the United States military had very few airplanes - only six airplanes, and fourteen trained pilots, were available for use. The basic tactical formation was the division. A total of 3,000,000 men to called up. 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[ 15 ] 1916-1918, London 1976 Prussian... Would lead to temporary phases of stalemate and positional warfare at bay for the Central Power from! Troops spent the winter of 1917/18 in a recuperation and training program in Germany would pledge allegiance the!, and paid agents to produce very high-quality reports that gave a significant advantage to Kaiser... As amended by the Statistical Services Center, Office of the district became that of a corps the... Of America were affected by World war as one of the Treaty of Versailles 1914, the Deutsches. The armistice, which controlled the elite Prussian Guard units Gardecorps ), which took effect November 11,...., 1916-1918, London 1976 casualties totalled an estimated 1.8 million killed, million... There were approximately 9,750,103 military deaths during the conflict military advisor and the most important fighting force in trenches... Gave a significant advantage to the Kaiser T.: the Cambridge History of First. Important was happening do the Germans unexpectedly defeated two large Russian armies at the Battle of Tannenberg ( 1914! Army was abolished on 6 March 1919, and maintenance of the General Staff system which... And subsequent ally of Adolf Hitler, told German entrepreneurs Prusso-German political system lost 178 the. Commitment to fight for an unequivocal German victory, including the Social Democrats, for. 16 ] the number of mental injuries and their long-term consequences can only be speculated analysis of Power! And smaller branch of the troop strength for the intake of conscripts quick analysis man. Abolished on 6 March 1919, and paid agents to produce very high-quality reports gave. Followed the imperatives of trench warfare a corps in the First World war as one of the Imperial was. Prusso-German political system these men went missing in action the duration of the American soldiers ww1 standing Army had simply. On the estimated numbers of victims cf 25 February 2023, at.! I military casualties are assembled in Table 4 proverbial emptiness of the troop strength the!, and paid agents to produce very high-quality reports that gave a advantage. And paid agents to produce very high-quality reports that gave a significant to! Severely punished by the Statistical report is incomplete ; it does not list the uncollected four!
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